Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences is the official flagship, the peer-reviewed quarterly journal of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences. This open-access journal publishes original research articles and reviews in the field of Agricultural and Biological Sciences (all), Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), Environmental Science (all), Health Sciences (all) in English. Authors are not required to be Fellows or Members of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences or citizens of Pakistan.